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Prednisone azathioprine and n-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis nejm. Prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis |
Prednisone azathioprine and n-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis nejm -
- Prednisone azathioprine and n-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis nejm
Background: A combination of prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine NAC has been widely used as a treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
The safety and efficacy of this three-drug regimen is unknown. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we assigned patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who had mild-to-moderate lung-function impairment to one of three groups -- receiving a combination of prednisone, azathioprine, and NAC combination therapyNAC alone, or placebo -- in a ratio.
The primary outcome was the change in longitudinal measurements of forced vital capacity during a week treatment period. These observations, coupled with no evidence of physiological or clinical benefit for combination therapy, prompted the independent data and safety monitoring board to recommend termination of the combination-therapy group at a mean follow-up of 32 weeks.
Data from the ongoing comparison of the NAC-only group and the placebo group are not reported here. Conclusions: Increased risks of death and hospitalization were observed in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who were treated with a combination of prednisone, azathioprine, and NAC, as compared with placebo. These findings provide evidence against the use of this combination in such patients. Abstract Background: A combination of prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine NAC has been widely used as a treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
Substances Azathioprine Prednisone Acetylcysteine. Associated data ClinicalTrials.
❾-50%}- Prednisone azathioprine and n-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis nejm
Background: A combination of prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine NAC has been widely used as a treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The safety and efficacy of this three-drug regimen is unknown. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we assigned patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who had mild-to-moderate lung-function impairment to one of three groups -- receiving a combination of prednisone, azathioprine, and NAC combination therapy , NAC alone, or placebo -- in a ratio.
The primary outcome was the change in longitudinal measurements of forced vital capacity during a week treatment period. These observations, coupled with no evidence of physiological or clinical benefit for combination therapy, prompted the independent data and safety monitoring board to recommend termination of the combination-therapy group at a mean follow-up of 32 weeks.
A consensus-based guideline suggested that a two-drug regimen a combination of prednisone and either azathioprine or cyclophosphamide be used in a subgroup of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A trial of the three-drug regimen showed that this treatment preserved pulmonary function better than the two-drug regimen. In this clinical trial, called Prednisone, Azathioprine, and N -Acetylcysteine: A Study That Evaluates Response in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis PANTHER-IPF , we evaluated the three-drug regimen against NAC alone plus matched identified placebos for prednisone and azathioprine , as compared with matched placebos for each of the active therapies, in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who had mild-to-moderate impairment in pulmonary function.
On the basis of a prespecified interim assessment by the data and safety monitoring board, the three-drug regimen was stopped on October 14, ; the NAC-only and placebo groups continue to recruit and be followed for the prespecified duration of 60 weeks. The prednisone and azathioprine placebos were discontinued in the remaining study groups. Here we report the results of the three-drug regimen as compared with the placebo group at the time of the interim assessment.
The study was designed and conducted by the Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network IPFnet steering committee and was carried out at 25 clinical centers. An NHLBI-appointed data and safety monitoring board and all local institutional review boards approved the protocol and all amendments. All patients provided written informed consent.
The Duke Clinical Research Institute served as the data-coordinating center, and the IPFnet steering committee oversaw all aspects of the study's conduct. The scientific steering committee under the direction of the coprimary investigators developed the design and concept of the study, approved the statistical plan, had full access to all the data, and interpreted the data.
The writing committee wrote the first draft of the manuscript. The steering committee made subsequent revisions, deemed the manuscript to be faithful to the protocol, and made the decision to submit it for publication. Prednisone and azathioprine were purchased, and matching placebos were produced during the overencapsulation process. NAC and matching placebo were donated by the manufacturer, Zambon. Zambon was apprised of the progress of the study and reviewed a draft of the manuscript before submission for publication.
All authors assume responsibility for the overall content and integrity of the article. Detailed exclusion criteria are listed in the study protocol. PANTHER-IPF was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a combination of oral azathioprine, prednisone, and NAC combination therapy or NAC alone plus placebos for azathioprine and prednisone, as compared with matched placebos for each of the active therapies.
The prednisone dose was started at 0. The azathioprine dose maximum, mg per day was based on the patient's ideal weight, concurrent use of allopurinol, and thiopurine methyltransferase TPMT activity. NAC was prescribed at mg orally three times a day. Detailed algorithms were provided for dose adjustment in case of potential adverse events. Patients were seen at the clinical centers for screening, at baseline, and at 4, 15, 30, 45, and 60 weeks. Patients with acute respiratory events were treated by their primary care physician if they were not seen at IPFnet sites.
In the study protocol, specific guidelines were provided with respect to doses of glucocorticoids. A permuted-block randomization plan was created with varying block sizes stratified according to clinical center. Once the screening process was completed, patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the three study regimens in a ratio through telephone contact with a central interactive voice-response system.
The primary outcome was the change in FVC during the week period, as derived from the serial measurements made at clinic visits. Secondary outcome measures included the rate of death, time until death, frequency of acute exacerbations, frequency of maintained FVC response, time to disease progression, and a broad panel of other clinical and physiological measures Table S2 in the Supplementary Appendix.
The IPFnet adjudication committee reviewed all deaths, hospitalizations, and suspected acute exacerbations for cause. The definition of an acute exacerbation was prespecified and was in accordance with criteria reported previously. On the basis of findings in previous clinical trials involving patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, we estimated that the decline in FVC would be approximately 0.
We determined that a difference of 0. All analyses are based on the intention-to-treat principle with data from all patients who underwent randomization.
For categorical variables, counts and percentages are presented. The first step was based on an overall test of 2 degrees of freedom.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, progressive lung disease of unknown cause characterized by the histopathological pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia. The use of glucocorticoids or immunosuppressive agents has been the conventional approach to the treatment of patients with this disease.
A consensus-based guideline suggested that a two-drug regimen a combination of prednisone and either azathioprine or cyclophosphamide be used in a subgroup of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. A trial of the three-drug regimen showed that this treatment preserved pulmonary function better than the two-drug regimen.
In this clinical trial, called Prednisone, Azathioprine, and N -Acetylcysteine: A Study That Evaluates Response in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis PANTHER-IPFwe evaluated the three-drug regimen against NAC alone plus matched identified placebos for prednisone and azathioprineas compared with matched placebos for each of the active therapies, in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who had mild-to-moderate impairment in pulmonary function. On the basis of a prespecified interim assessment by the data and safety monitoring board, the three-drug regimen was stopped on October 14, ; the NAC-only and placebo groups continue to recruit and be followed for the prespecified duration of 60 weeks.
The prednisone and azathioprine placebos were discontinued in the remaining study groups. Here we report the results of the three-drug regimen as compared with the placebo group at the time of the interim assessment.
The study was designed and conducted by the Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Clinical Research Network IPFnet steering committee and was carried out at 25 clinical centers.
An NHLBI-appointed data and safety monitoring board and all local institutional review boards approved the protocol and all amendments. All patients provided written informed consent. The Duke Clinical Research Institute served as the data-coordinating center, and the IPFnet steering committee oversaw all aspects of the study's conduct.
The scientific steering committee under the direction of the coprimary investigators developed the design and concept of the study, approved the statistical plan, had full access to all the data, and interpreted the data.
The writing committee wrote the first draft of the manuscript. The steering committee made subsequent revisions, deemed the manuscript to be faithful to the protocol, and made the decision to submit it for publication.
Prednisone and azathioprine were purchased, and matching placebos were produced during the overencapsulation process. NAC and matching placebo were donated by the manufacturer, Zambon. Zambon was apprised of the progress of the study and reviewed a draft of the manuscript before submission for publication.
All authors assume responsibility for the overall content and integrity of the article. Detailed exclusion criteria are listed in the study protocol.
PANTHER-IPF was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a combination of oral azathioprine, prednisone, and NAC combination therapy or NAC alone plus placebos for azathioprine and prednisone, as compared with matched placebos for each of the active therapies.
The prednisone dose was started at 0. The azathioprine dose maximum, mg per day was based on the patient's ideal weight, concurrent use of allopurinol, and thiopurine methyltransferase TPMT activity. NAC was prescribed at mg orally three times a day. Detailed algorithms were provided for dose adjustment in case of potential adverse events. Patients were seen at the clinical centers for screening, at baseline, and at 4, 15, 30, 45, and 60 weeks. Patients with acute respiratory events were treated by their primary care physician if they were not seen at IPFnet sites.
In the study protocol, specific guidelines were provided with respect to doses of glucocorticoids. A permuted-block randomization plan was created with varying block sizes stratified according to clinical center. Once the screening process was completed, patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the three study regimens in a ratio through telephone contact with a central interactive voice-response system.
The primary outcome was the change in FVC during the week period, as derived from the serial measurements made at clinic visits. Secondary outcome measures included the rate of death, time until death, frequency of acute exacerbations, frequency of maintained FVC response, time to disease progression, and a broad panel of other clinical and physiological measures Table S2 in the Supplementary Appendix.
The IPFnet adjudication committee reviewed all deaths, hospitalizations, and suspected acute exacerbations for cause. The definition of an acute exacerbation was prespecified and was in accordance with criteria reported previously. On the basis of findings in previous clinical trials involving patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, we estimated that the decline in FVC would be approximately 0.
We determined that a difference of 0. All analyses are based on the intention-to-treat principle with data from all patients who underwent randomization. For categorical variables, counts and percentages are presented. The first step was based on an overall test of 2 degrees of freedom. If any difference between study groups was statistically significant at the 0. For the primary analysis, we used a mixed-model repeated-measures analysis to compare changes in FVC in the three study groups during the week study period.
Contrast estimates of differences in slopes of treatment according to time along with confidence intervals were used to estimate the treatment effect. For binary end points, statistical comparisons were based on two-sided Fisher's exact tests. For time-to-event outcomes, we used a Cox proportional-hazards regression model. Kaplan—Meier curves were used to display event rates.
All test statistics were presented with two-sided P values. The protocol specified that the data and safety monitoring board would meet multiple times approximately every 6 months to review data for safety and overall trial progress. For the interim analysis, the critical value for the test of 2 degrees of freedom in differences in FVC was set to have an alpha level of 0.
After the planned midpoint interim analysis, the data and safety monitoring board recommended discontinuation of the three-drug regimen because of an excess in the number of deaths, hospitalizations, and serious adverse events among patients in the combination-therapy group, as compared with the placebo group.
The NHLBI accepted this recommendation and on October 14,instructed the investigators to discontinue the three-drug regimen effective immediately. Data from the ongoing study of patients in the NAC-only and placebo groups are not reported here.
Combined immunosuppression and NAC has been a widely used, conventional approach to the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 3 despite conflicting recommendations by international guidelines.
Deaths and hospitalizations happened early in the combination-therapy group. Although follow-up of the patients was limited, the three-drug regimen provided little or no benefit for primary and secondary outcomes. However, the Kaplan—Meier estimate of week mortality in our combination-therapy group was higher The rates of death among patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who were receiving placebo in several studies 3.
Given the differences in the study groups and the longer duration of the other clinical trials, comparison of mortality among these studies should be made with caution. Nonetheless, our findings show that the excess mortality was attributable to the three-drug therapy. The merits of our study include a rigorous ascertainment of the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by multidisciplinary assessment.
In addition, our algorithm-driven approach to dose selection, including measurement of TPMT levels, allowed consistency in the treatment protocol. Furthermore, the dose of azathioprine that was used in our trial was relatively lower than that used in previous clinical trials. Our study has potential limitations. The early termination of the combination-therapy group limited our ability to address the effect on the primary outcome FVCon many of the secondary outcomes, and on various subgroups, as originally planned.
Second, the precise reasons for the increased rates of death and hospitalization are unknown. And third, it is difficult to assess which components of the three-drug regimen may be responsible for the observed negative outcomes. The ongoing comparison of NAC alone and matching placebo will address the therapeutic role of NAC alone for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We anticipate screening of the last patient in the ongoing study groups by the second quarter of It must be emphasized that our results are applicable only to patients with well-defined idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria of this trial.
Our data that show increased rates of death and hospitalization provide compelling evidence against the use of the combination of azathioprine, prednisone, and NAC for patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who have mild-to-moderate impairment in pulmonary function. Randomization A permuted-block randomization plan was created with varying block sizes stratified according to clinical center. Outcome Measures The primary outcome was the change in FVC during the week period, as derived from the serial measurements made at clinic visits.
Adjudication The IPFnet adjudication committee reviewed all deaths, hospitalizations, and suspected acute exacerbations for cause.
Statistical Analysis On the basis of findings in previous clinical trials involving patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, we estimated that the decline in FVC would be approximately 0. RESULTS Interim Assessments After the planned midpoint interim analysis, the data and safety monitoring board recommended discontinuation of the three-drug regimen because of an excess in the number of deaths, hospitalizations, and serious adverse events among patients in the combination-therapy group, as compared with the placebo group.
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In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we assigned patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis who had mild-to-moderate. Background: A combination of prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been widely used as a treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. localhost Prednisone, Azathioprine, and N-Acetylcysteine for Pulmonary Fibrosis | NEJM. Original Article from The New England Journal of Medicine. monary fibrosis clinical research network. Prednisone, azathioprine, and. N-acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med. ;– n engl j med ;21 localhost november 24, The new england journal of medicine with prednisone and azathioprine was contraindi-. Patients with acute respiratory events were treated by their primary care physician if they were not seen at IPFnet sites.Sarah Silverman is temporarily fine June 20, 2022 April. Sarah Silverman attends The 75th Linen Tony Awards - Arrivals on June 12, 2022 at Atlantic City Music Hall in New York City. The recovery net worthcash, compensation, pay, and pimples of Robert A.
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